ࡱ > q` bjbjqPqP . : : M $ $ b h d 9 - 9 f zM 9 Z | 0 . . . d 9 9 D !=K 3CA5=8F B2@0I5=85 0 ?>A;54=59 =545;5 023CAB0 1KG=> C5760;8 A 40G8, ?>A;5 G53> >10 4><0 70:@K20;8 BO65;K<8 AB02=OAB@K =0H ?>A5;>: 70?CAB520; 8 3>B>28;AO : 78<=54>;>9, 8 @>48B5;8 2A5 @565 1@0;8 2KE>4=K;385 ?>574:8 =0 40GC @01>BK 1K;> =53>: A3@510;8 2 :CGC ;8ABLO, ACGLO, A6830;8 8E. '0I5 O 2>78;AO C :>AB@>2, ?5: =0 ?@OGCI53=5 E;51 8;8, :0: 2A5, @01>B0; 3@01;O18@0O :CG:8 8E ?>6CE;KE ;8ABL52. 8=>340 A@548 A:;582H8EAO ;8ABL52 >1=0@C6820;8AL AB@0==K5 =0 @54:>ABL 157>1@07=K5 8 6CB:>20BK5 2KBO=CBK5 8;8 >20;L=K5 :>G:8. !B@0==K5 D>@ C<KE, 8E @8G=52KE <C<89 A 28B8520BK<8 A8<<5B@8G=K@0ABL MB8E D83C@>: ?C30;0 8 >BB0;:820;0, @515=:>ICI0; =5>1JOA=89 2>B :C:>;:8. 5?>=OB=K9 AB@0E 2=CH0;> 4;8==>5 ?>4>185 60;0 =0 >4=>=F>2 D83C@:8. 5AB@O =0 >G5284=CN =5>4CH52;5==>ABL A>740=8O, ?5@2K@K2> >B1@>A8BL C@>4;82>5 ?>;C5 A>740=85 ?>40;LH5 >B A51O, 8 ;CGH5 2 :>AB5@. 5B@>A?5:B82=> >682;OO 45BA:85 GC2AB20, 4C 2K720;0 >B2@0I5=85 8 ?C30;0 =5>?@545;5==>ABL 8 70304>G=>ABL :C:>;>:: 3CA5=8F0 8;8 101>G:0 2?>;=5 <0B5@80;L=K 8 C7=0205;:8, A:@K20NI85 ?>4 E8B8=>2>9 :>@:>9 8AB8==CN ;8G8=C , C65 >4=8< MB8 70B05==CN C3@>7C. @52@0B=> '53> 65 ?@>I5 - 2 3CA5=8F5 35=5B8G5A:8 45B5@20=0 101>G:0, 8 ?5@20O 2 >?@545;5==>5 2@5 2B>@CN, ;:8. H:>;5 5I5 ?@>E>48;8. @8@>40 2;>68;0 2 :@>H5G=K9 35=>;L:> 35=K 101>G:8, => B0:65 8 35=K 2>76=>AB8 ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 101>G:C. 3@0O =0 A;>6=59H59 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 =C:;5>B84>2, :0: =0 @0A:;04:5 @>O;O, =5254> >4=8 35=K - 3CA5=8FK, B> A>2A5G:8. 515=:0 =0 >A5==5< CG0AB:5 =0?C30;8 8 ?5@5E>4K A >4=8E :;028H =0 4@C385. ?@>G5B ?5@5E>4 =5 2A5340 2>765= 5AB5AB25==K< ?CB5945B > ;N4OE- 3CA5=8F0E 8 ;N4OE- 101>G:0E. B@0=AA5:AC0;0E. "09=0 -B> 2A5340 1C45B ?>ABK4=K4>=8<K A0<K:81@07>< 2A5 A B5=0;L=KB2@0I5=85B>@K;>: 2 :>AB5@ =0 40G5. "@0=AA5:AC0;K, 3;C1>:> ?5@56820O A2>N 18>;>38G5A:CN B@03548N, 1C4CB B5@OBL A5BC. ;59 @072@0B0 =5A<K205 A B@0=AA5:AC0;>2, 81> ?>AB02;5=> >=> 2 3;C18=5 =0H53> :>;;5:B82=>3> 15AA>7=0B5;L=>3> ( 2 B>< G8A;5 8 8E A04>9 MB8:5 @0AAAL :0: AB@0H=K9 AB82 >30 8 ?@8@>4K G5;>25:0. 07>1;0G5==KE A>4>2 :07=8;8 C60A=>9 A<5@BLN. 5@2, =0?@8: 8 3>A5:AC0;8AB>2 >B4020;8 =0 AJ545=85 725@O. >AB@K A2OB>9 8=:2878F88 A@54=8E 25:>2 8 @0==53> 2>7@>645=8O :@0A=>@5G82> B@5I0B 2 B>= A :>AB5@:>@8G5A:8 8A:;NG5=>. >@=8 52>76=>ABL A:@K20BL B@0=AA5:AC0;L=>ABL AB0=>28BAO OA=>9 ?>A;5 @0AAB0=>2:8 =5:>B>@KE B>G5: =04 i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a l e t o F e m a l e ) 8;8 5=I8=0 2 C6G8=C ( F e m a l e t o M a l e ) . MB>@>B:>:@0I5=88 A:@KB> 8 =5GB> 1>;LH55: ?@54;>3 t o , >1>7=0G05B =0?@02;5=85, =5:CN 48=0 ?@54?>;0305B B08=AB25==K9 0:B ?5@5E>40 ( t r a n s i t i o n , B0: 8 3>2>@OB: B@0=78H=) 8;8 @52@0I5=8O: >AB0=>2:0 ACI5AB2>20=8O BO3>BOI53> B5;0, ?@>4>;65=85 ACI5AB2>20=8O >A2>1>645==>9 4CH8. !>1AB25==>5 "5;> 4;O B@0=AA5:AC0;0 A0B2@0B8B5;L=0O 8 ?@57@5==0O AC1AB0=F8O, 8 65;0=85, 871028BLAO >B =53>, : A>60;5=8N, G0AB> @0AB5B 2 53> 4CH5, ?@82>4O : AC8F84C, >1;53G0NI5;>38G5A:>9 ;>38G5A:CN 65=I8=C C=8GB>65=85 B5;5A=>9 >1C7K, 8A:;NG0NI55 AB>@0O, =0:>=5F, >1@5B05B :>@B 8 ?5@568205B GC2AB20 A@>4=8 B5 3 1K 8A?KB0BL >A:@5AH89. 459AB28B5;L=>, ?@8 4>AB865=88 &5;8, M t F 8;8 F t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t M @8GC4;820O B5@;>38O- A;5=3 A;>2=> ?5@5:>G520;0 A> AB@0=8F >G5@54=>3> D>;80=B0 DM=B578. "0: 70304>G=> 4;O >1K20B5;O 8B>@K5 ?@54AB028B5;8 F t M - B@0=AA5:AC0;871E>48<0 B5@;>38G5A:0O :>@@5:F8O: 1CG =5 >1O70B5;L=> ;5A18O=:0 8;8 B@0=AA5:AC0; ?> C;G0=8N, B0: A51O =07K20NB 8 4>1=K5 65=I8=K: A?>@BA>1I5 0B;5B8G5A:8 A;>65==K5 65=I8=K. ?@>G5, 1CG MB> 0:B82=0O ;5A18O=:0. $M =0E>4OBAO 2 @>;8 1CG59 2 A>AB>O=88 p r e - o p ( =5>;>3871>7=0G0NI89 A>AB>O=85 4> >?5@0F88) . > =58725AB=K< ?@8G8=0< AB@5<;5=85 ?@52@0B8BLAO 2 @;>38G5A:8E 65=I8= @54:>: 2 G5BK@5 @070 @565, G5< 2AB@5G05BAO M t F - B@0=AA5:AC0;87G:0 7@5=8O, GB> MB> > 0 R &
(
4 | < f 4 ͼsseWeH6W #hL<